The Stories of Chanukah
December 15, 2022
Chanukah, a well-known Jewish holiday, has many stories of origin. These stories, known to few people, are full of history, culture, and morality. These stories are about finding light in the darkness; they are about finding miracles in difficult times.
Within secular society and the Jewish community, the most known Chanukah narrative is the story of the miracle. According to History.com, in 200 B.C., Judea, the ancestral home of the Jews, was under the control of King Antiochus III, the king of Syria, who championed religious tolerance within his borders. The king’s successor, Seleucus IV Philopator, promoted intolerance and oppression. When he died, his brother Antiochus IV Epiphanes perpetuated these beliefs and outlawed Jewish tradition and practice. This oppression escalated, resulting in the murder of many Jewish people and the destruction and desecration of the Second Temple. As a result, a rebellion, led by a small group of Jewish rebels (the Maccabees), emerged. Through guerilla warfare, the Maccabees drove out the Greeks. Once the land had been reclaimed, they set about rebuilding the Temple. One element of this reconstruction was the menorah – a central component of Temple worship. Jewish law states that the flame of the menorah can only be lit using specially prepared pure olive oil. In the process of purifying the Temple, the Maccabees discovered that there was only enough oil left to keep the menorah burning for a single day. Nevertheless – the oil burned for eight nights and allowed the Jews time to purify more oil. This miracle is the commonly upheld story of Chanukah, in which worldly darkness was driven away by light.
According to the Union for Reform Judaism, it is the miracle of the oil that inspires modern Chanukah celebrations. Chanukah is a winter solstice holiday, known as the Festival of Lights. Jews celebrate it with food, gifts, family, and friends. It is a holiday about bringing warmth and joy to the cold season. Candles on the Chanukah are lit for eight nights and symbolize bringing light into the world. This version of the holiday commemorates a religious angle of the Chanukah story. This religious angle, famous for its astounding miracle, is the most well-known Chanukah story today. However, there are conflicting schools of thought that question the legitimacy of the miracle. It was not originally part of the biblical account. The miracle was established by the Rabbis during the fifth century because the original story did not mention God. The Rabbis believed this to be a flaw in the holiday and added the idea of the miracle so that God would be a significant part of the story. Freshman Emily Schaer comments “[she] has gotten Rabbi confirmation that it was made up by some other Rabbis. Although a part of the story is true, it probably did not actually last for eight days. It is more the moral of the story [that is important].” Regardless of whether the miracle itself is a falsehood, the lesson of building light in the darkness remains necessary today.
The Orthodox community focuses on another aspect of the Chanukah story: In 200 B.C. Judea was ruled by King Antiochus III, who encouraged religious tolerance within Syrian borders. According to Chabad, an Orthodox Jewish organization, successor Seleuchus IV opposed open-minded beliefs and advocated for oppression and religious conversion. After Seleuchus IV’s death, brother Antiochus IV took over, ultimately perpetuating models of common religion and culture. During this period of time, the Assyrian Greeks were vehemently against Jewish law and practice. However, Judaism faced another confrontation. The existence of Hellenists Jews – Jews who accepted the Syrian way of life – threatened Judaism from within. Their presence introduced the threat of assimilation.
Encyclopedia Brittanica describes assimilation “in anthropology and sociology, the process whereby individuals or groups of differing ethnic heritage are absorbed into the dominant culture of a society.” Assimilation is the process of a minority becoming extinguishable from a majority. It is not a biological or racial fusion, but a bonding of culture, religion, and history. The New York Times depicts the application of assimilation in various ways. For some, it may be pragmatic – such as learning a new language, education, culture, history, education, or economy. For others, it means relinquishing ties to an old country. Others refuse to assimilate, refusing to join the melting pot of cultures. Instead, they champion a salad bowl in which various ethnicities are mixed with each other and retain individuality. Junior Calvin Wilding believes that “there is small scale assimilation where people move here and assimilate into our culture. But then there are also cultures being forced into that on a big scale [resulting in their erasure].”
Arguably, this assimilation is present in modern celebrations of Chanukah. Mensch on the Bench stems from Elf on the Shelf; Mystery Mensch originates from Secret Santa; the Chanukah bush derives from the Christmas tree. Senior Alexander Kernish disagrees, arguing that “a lot of times Chanukah is considered, in most people’s minds, ‘The Jewish Christmas.’ This is really not true. It is a lot more and a lot less. It is a lot more in the sense that you have eight days and not one. There is a lot of partying, it is not as religious as Christmas is.”
According to Orthodox Jewry, Hellenistic perpetuation of assimilation threatened the Jewish existence. It is at this point that the Maccabees emerged, defeated the Syrians, purged the Hellenists from Judaism, and returned to cleanse the Temple. Hailed as saviors, the Maccabees ensured Jewish survival. As an all-power entity, God created the miracle of light, an occurrence that Jews continue to celebrate all around the world. In America, Orthodox Jewry celebrates Chanukah jubilantly. Kernish adds that “Chanukah is a fun eight days. You usually have off from school. I participated in this [celebration] last year. We rent these giant pickup trucks, blast music, and then stand up in the back of the pickup truck and dance while the pickup truck is moving. It is an entire party, an entire vibe. It is really a wonderful holiday.”
With an in-depth analysis, Rabbi Brett Weisman, a Reform Rabbi, establishes a history that contradicts this Orthodox angle. While Orthodox Judaism painted the Hellenists in a negative light, Rabbi Weisman portrays the Maccabees as antagonists, zealots, and fundamentalists. Essentially, the Maccabees murdered Hellenist Jews for wanting to exchange ideas between cultures. They stringently believed that Hellenists were poisoning Judaism and discouraging righteous behavior. Ironically, a passage in the Talmud (Jewish teachings of civil and ceremonial law), criticizes the behavior of the Maccabees. Rabbi Weisman explains, “If you strike a hammer, and that hammer creates a spark, and that spark creates a fire, and the fire causes destruction, the person who struck the hammer is responsible for destruction. And then immediately the Talmud goes back into Chanukah discussions. The context there is that the Maccabees were called the hammers. They were the hammers. The Rabbis are secretly criticizing the Maccabees and their destruction.”
The integral difference between the Orthodox and Reform point of view can be traced to one source: the original text of the Maccabees. Rabbi Weisman elaborates, “The story of Maccabees is only from the perspective of the Maccabees, not from the perspective of the Hellenists Jews, not from the perspective of the Greeks. I believe the famous phrase is history is written by the assassins. History is written by the murderers. The one who holds the sword holds the pen.”
With such a dark background, it may be hard to find the light in Chanukah. Yet, as a winter solstice holiday, Rabbi Weisman believes that “Chanukah is an acceptable holiday in my eyes and most people’s eyes because it is a holiday that celebrates light in the darkest time of the year.” While he may disagree with the assimilation and consumerism that has transformed Chanukah in the United States, the overall message remains imperative. Sophomore Lyla Cohen adds, “I think [Chanukah exists] to remember our ancestors. I am a person who loves traditions, so I view it as a fun traditional thing to do. It shows the hardships and how we can display menorah nowadays and have more freedom.”
The final interpretation of the Chanukah story is practical yet uninspiring. It is the theory that all aforementioned history occurred, but the holiday of Chanukah is irrelevant because it was a delayed celebration of Sukkot (a fall harvest festival that lasts eight days) which the Jews had missed while fighting the Assyrian Greeks.
Regardless of the various angles and beliefs concerning the story’s origins, society should focus on the essence of the Chanukah story; finding light during a dark time. Happy Chanukah! !חג שמח